Washers are thin, flat discs with a central hole, placed under a nut, bolt head, or screw to distribute the fastener’s load, prevent surface damage, act as a spacer, or provide vibration resistance. Common types include flat washers for load distribution, split lock washers to prevent loosening, and fender/wall washers for larger surface areas. The correct washer size must match the fastener’s shaft diameter, and the type should be chosen based on the application—lock washers for vibrating machinery, flat washers for soft materials. Using an improper washer can lead to joint failure, surface marring, or accelerated corrosion.

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